Name: | Motexafin Gadolinium |
Generic Names: |
NSC 695238[1], [2],[3] originally called as gadolinium texaphyrin[4], [3]gadolinium(III) texaphyrin,[5]Gd-Tex,[5]GdT2B2,[5] PCI 0120, [6], [7],[5], Gd-Tex2+[7]
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Trade Names: |
Xcytrin®[8],[9], [6],[10],[7]
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IUPAC name: |
Gadolinium, bis(acetato-O)-(9, 10 diethyl-20, 21-bis(3-hydroxypropoxy)-4,15-dimethyl-8,11-imino-3,6:16, 13-dinitrilo-1, 18-benzodiazacycloeicosine-5, 14-dipropanolato-N1 N18, N23, N24,N25)[5] |
MolecularWeight: |
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Structure: |
[11], [9], [12], [6], [13], [14],[15],[10],[21]
it has five nitrogen ring resulting in large core to accomodate element gadolinium(Gd+3).[9],[16], [3]
synthetic aromatic macrocycle[9] |
Functional Group/chemical constitution: |
radiosensitizing property is not attributed to inserted metal but is a function of ligand.[11]
it is expanded porphyrin ring in which iron is substituted by gadolinium[4]
the central metal composition is said to be an important determinant of effect of MGd on tumor oxygenation[17]
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Chemical Nature: |
water soluble, kinetically stable[11]
member of texapyrin class of compounds[9],metalloporphyrin[12]
easily reduced[12]
electron-affinic[17]
paramagnetic, MRI-detectable[3]
soluble in water and also in organic solvents like alcohol, chlorocarbons, hence is amphiphilic[18]
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Source: |
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Actions & Indications: |
Pharmcological Action-
redox modulator[9], [6]
anticancer agent[9]
radical formation agonist[12].
It is reported to be a promising radiosensitizing-agent in the treatment of brain tumors, especially in specific patient subsets, in a review[19]
ROS generator[6]
Therapeutic benefits:
The drug has shown effecicacy in improving neurocognitive quality of life in patients with brain metastasis from primary lung cancer in clinical setting[6],[15]
Preclinical Data:
MGd is a suitable candidate to be used in neutron capture therapy[12] ,[3],[15],[20]
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Notes: |
MGd is not FDA approved radiation sensitizer[12]
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derivatives: |
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REFERENCES |
1. |
Rosenthal DI et al, Reversible renal toxicity resulting from high single doses of the new radiosensitizer gadolinium texaphyrin. Am J Clin Oncol. 2000;23(6):593-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11202804 |
2. |
Ramanathan RK et al, Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the novel redox-active agent,
motexafin gadolinium, with concurrent radiation therapy in patients
with locally advanced pancreatic or biliary cancers. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2006;57: 465–474.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00280-005-0071-y |
3. |
Richards GM, Mehta MP, Motexafin gadolinium in the treatment of brain metastases. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 2007;8(3):351-359.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14656566.8.3.351 |
4. |
Wu GN, Ford JM, Alger JR, MRI measurement of the uptake and retention of motexafin gadolinium
in glioblastoma multiforme and uninvolved normal human brain. J Neurooncol. 2006;77(1):95-103.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11060-005-9101-1 |
5. |
Adis R&D profile, Motexafin gadolinium: gadolinium (III) texaphyrin, gadolinium texaphyrin, Gd-Tex, GdT2B2, PCI 0120. Drugs R&D 2004; 5 (1): 52-57.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14725495 |
6. |
Rodrigus P, Motexafin gadolinium: a possible new
radiosensitiser. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 2003; 12(7):1205-1210.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/13543784.12.7.1205 |
7. |
Sessler JL et al, One-electron reduction and oxidation studies of the radiation sensitizer Gadolinium(III) Texaphyrin (PCI-0120) and other water soluble metallotexaphyrins. J. Phys. Chem. A 1999;103:787-794.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp9838588 |
8. |
Suh J et al, Phase II trial of Motexafin Gadolinium (MGd, Xcytrin®) and cranial radiation in newly diagnosed
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM). Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phy.
Supplement, 1 ,2002;54(2):246.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3016(02)03485-5
|
9. |
Forouzannia A et al, Motexafin gadolinium: a novel radiosensitizer for brain tumors. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2007;7(6):785-94.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14737140.7.6.785 |
10. |
Thomas SR, Khuntia D, Motexafin gadolinium injection for the treatment of brain metastases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Nanomedicine. 2007;2(1):79-87.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2673824/ |
11. |
Viala J et al, Phases IB and II multidose trial of gadolinium texaphyrin, a radiation sensitizer detectable at MR imaging: preliminary results in brain metastases. Radiology. 1999;212(3):755-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.212.3.r99se10755 |
12. |
Francis D et al, Motexafin gadolinium: a novel radiosensitizer for brain tumors. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2009;10(13):2171-80.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14656560903179325 |
13. |
Young SW et al, Gadolinium(III) texaphyrin: a tumor selective radiation sensitizer that is detectable by MRI. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
1996;93(13):6610-6615.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC39073/ |
14. |
Parise RA, Miles DR, Egorin MJ, Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for motexafin gadolinium and motexafin lutetium in human plasma. Journal of Chromatography B, 2000;749(2):145–152.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4347(00)00390-X |
15. |
Khuntia D, Mehta M, Motexafin gadolinium: a clinical review of a novel radioenhancer for brain tumors. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2004;4(6):981-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14737140.4.6.981 |
16. |
Biaglow JE, Miller RA, The thioredoxin reductase/thioredoxin system:
Novel redox targets for cancer therapy. Cancer Biol Ther. 2005;4(1):6-13.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cbt.4.1.1434 |
17. |
Donnelly ET et al, Effects of texaphyrins on the oxygenation of EMT6 mouse mammary tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;58(5):1570-6.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2003.12.017 |
18. |
Magda D, Miller RA, Motexafin gadolinium: a novel redox active drug for cancer therapy. Semin Cancer Biol. 2006;16(6):466-76.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2006.09.002 |
19. |
Mehta MP, Khuntia D, Current strategies in whole-brain radiation therapy for brain metastases. Neurosurgery 2005;57:S4-33-S4-44.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.NEU.0000182742.40978.E7 |
20. |
De Stasio G et al, Gadolinium in human glioblastoma cells for gadolinium neutron capture therapy. Cancer Res. 2001; 61: 4272.
http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/61/10/4272.full |
21. |
Evans JP et al, Motexafin Gadolinium-induced cell death correlates with
Heme oxygenase-1 expression and inhibition of P450
reductase-dependent activities. Mol Pharmacol. 2007;71:193–200.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/mol.106.028407 |