| Name: |
Aegle marmelos |
|---|
| Scientific Name: |
Binomial name: Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Correa Serr.[1]
Synonyms : Feronia pellucida
Roth, Cratarea marmelos L.[2]
English names: Stone apple, Bengal quince[3] |
|---|
| Description: |
Commonly known as "Bael" or "Bilva" and belongs to a Rutaceae family,[3],[4],[5],Subfamily: Aurantioideae[1] widely grown in the sub-Himalayan
tract, Central and Southern India[6]
|
| Extract used: |
ethanolic extract[7],[8],[9],[10]
aqueous extract[11],[12],[13],[14],[10]
methanol and acetone extract[15],[16],[17],[10],[18]
hydroalcoholic (80% ethanol, 20% water) extract [19], these extracts are also used in radioprotection studies[46],[47],[48]
Plant is also reported to be extracted using petroleum ether and chloroform [44]
|
| Phyto-constituents(active): |
Different part of plants contain alkaloids(Aeglin, aegelenine), coumarins(Marmelosin, marmesin, imperatorin), terpenoids, tannins(skimmianine), umbelliferone[4],[20],[21],[22],[23],[24], marmenol, marmin,
marmelosin, marmelide, psoralen, alloimperatorin, rutaretin, scopoletin, aegelin, marmelin, fagarine,
anhydromarmelin, limonene, â-phellandrene, betulinic acid, marmesin, imperatorin, marmelosin, luvangentin
and auroptene [2]
chemical constituents employed as
markers for standardization of the plant:
ferulic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, marmelosin, aegeline, lupeol, ricinoleic acid, ascorbic acid, umbelliferone, limonine, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid[2]
Leaves:
Leaves contain bioactive chemicals such as γ-sitosterol, aegelin,rutin, marmesinin, β-sitosterol, flavone, glycoside, O-isopentenyl halfordiol, marmeline, phenylethyl cinnamamides[4],Skimmianine, Aeglin, Rutin, γ-sitosterol, β-sitosterol, Flavone, Lupeol, Cineol, Citral, Glycoside, O-isopentenyl ,
Halfordiol, Marmeline, Citronellal, Cuminaldehyde phenylethyl cinnamamides, Eugenol, Marmesinin [20], Citronella, Cuminaldehyde, Eugenol, Marmesinine [5]
vitamin E , terpenes, flavanoids [22]
The Aegle marmelos leaves are good source of several
antioxidant components such as, β-carotene, glutathione,
α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, polyphenols and
flavonoids[10]
alkaloids such as O-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-halfordinol, N-2-ethoxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethylcinnamamide,
N-2-methoxy-2-[4-(3',3'-dimethylallylloxy)phenyl]ethylcinnamamide, and N-2-methoxy-2-(4-methoxypheny)-
ethylcinnamamide have been isolated from the leaves of A. marmelos[25]
alkaloids, tannins,
terpenoids, volatile oil, glycosides and phenolic groups in leaves[26]
Fruit:
tannins, carotenoids in fruit part[4], terpenoids, tanin and phenolics, glycoside, alkaloid, flavone and flavanoids, saponins, sterols and steroids in unripe fruit [27], Marmelosin, Luvangetin, Aurapten, Psoralen, Marmelide, Tannin in fruit[20]
steroid, terpinoids, saponins, tannis, lignin, flavonoids in fruit pulp[28]
coumarins, marmesiline, marmelonine[42]
marmeline, Aegeline, imperatorin, alloimperatorin and
xanthotoxol were also present in unripe fruit of A. marmelos extract[29]
Marmelosin, Luvangetin, Aurapten, Psoralen, Marmelide, Tannin, vitamin C, riboflavin, organic acids in fruit[5],[30]
Roots, stem and bark:
skimmianine, γ-fagarine, marmesin, marmin, xanthotoxin, umbelliferone and lupeol have been isolated from root-bark[6]
root has high phenolic compound content[7]
coumarin , Lupeol, 5-Methoxy psoralen , stigmasterol in stem-bark[31]
aeglemarmelosine, skimmianine, imperatorin, aurapten, epoxyaurapten, marmin , xanthotoxin , marmisin and scopoletin in root and twigs[32]
Skimmianine, Fagarine , Marmin in bark[5]
|
| Chemical Nature: |
phenolic content of plant contribute to its antioxidant property[7]
root extract was found to be contributing to antioxidant property of plant[7]
polyphenolic constituents constitute to antigenotoxic activity[15]
fruit extract showed significant reducing and anti-radical activity[33]
Water, methanol and ethanol extract of A. marmelos leaves show electron donating capacity[10]
Water, methanol and ethanol extract of A. marmelos leaves extracts were found to be stable at pH 4 and 7[10]
Radical scavenging property can be attributed to the
presence of hydroxyl groups existing in the phenolic and
flavonoid compounds in methanolic extracts of A. marmelos[34]
tannin in A.marmelos contribute to its astringent and antimicrobial properties [30]
|
| Actions & Indications: |
Pharmcological Action-
anti-inflammatory[28], [35] antinociceptive and antipyretic activities in rats are exhibited by leaves of A. marmelos[36]
antioxidant[28],[10] in rats[27], in rabbits[9]
at higher concentrations it may act as a prooxidant[10]
antiartherogenic in rabbits[9]
anxiolytic and antidepressant activities in mice[16]
astringent, antidiarrheal antidysenteric, demulcent, antipyretic [35]
antimicrobial activity[22]
immunomodulator in mice[17]
antihyperlipidemic in rats[14]
antidiabetic in rats[18-sabu],[37]
analgesic in mice[38]
mild sedative[39]
the leaf extract showed 28% radical scavenging
activity.[7]
antifungal and antibacterial[42]
hypogycemic in rats[43]
hepatoprotective in rats[45]
Therapeutic indications:
Preclinical study-
Dose dependent decrease in acetic acid and indomethacin-induced Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) model in rat in vivo, following oral
treatment with A. marmelos unripe fruit extract was observed[27]
A. marmelos fruit methnol extract treatment augmented
immune activity by cellular and humoral mediated mechanisms more at low dose (100 mg/kg, orally)
than high dose (500 mg/kg, orally)in mice[17]
Aegle marmelos leaves exhibited
antihyperlipidaemic effect in rats with Isoproterenol-induced
myocardial infarction[40]
Useful in treatment of chronic diarrhea, dysentry, glardiasis[39]
Root improves apetite, relives nausea, and leaves proves useful in Diabetis mellitus[39]
Found to be effective in treatment of constipation, peptic ulcers, ear problems, respiratory disorders, insomnia[41]
|
| Notes: |
|
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