| Action of Extract: |
Radioprotected macrophage, splenocytes[18]
stimulation of hemaatopoietic recovery in irradiated mice[18]
Kupffer cell function was improved by treatement of T. cordifolia in liver damage of rat[1]
ethanolic extract of T. cordifolia exerted antineoplastic effect on Ehrlich ascites tunour cells in mice[2]
Administration of Tinospora cordifolia stem methanolic extract to BALB/c mice (200 mg/kg,
i.p, daily for 5 days) increased the total white blood cell count significantly. It also
increased bone marrow cellularity and α-esterase positive cells in bone marrow indicating increased maturation of stem cells.
Administration of the extract was also found to increase plaque-forming cells in the spleen[3]
Intraperitoneal
administration of alcoholic extract of Tinospora cordifolia in Dalton's lymphoma-bearing mice augmented the basic function of macrophages[4]
T.cordifolia provided protection against radiation-induced mortality in mice in vivo by
protecting against GI and bone marrow syndromes[19]
Action on cell cycle:
ethanolic extract of T. cordifolia treatment was observed to arrest the C6 glioma cells in
G0/G1 and G2/M phase[5]
T. cordifolia treatment increased cell population in S-phase, increasing DNA synthesis[20]
|
| Target: |
Nucleic Acid
cytotoxic effect of stem extract of T. cordifolia in HeLa S3 cells in vitro was speculated to be due to DNA damage[6]
T. cordifolia extract significantly diminished the
expression of iNOS gene and elevated expression of the
gamma-glutamylcysteine ligase and Cu-Zn SOD genes in rat hippocampal slices in vitro subjected to oxygen glucose deprivation[7]
Treatment with hexane extract fraction of T. cordifolia of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells bearing mice increased expression of Bax gene and decreased expression of Bcl-2 gene in tumor cells[8]
methylene chloride stem extract caused the
concentration dependent increase in molecular DNA damage and is due to its ability to cause DNA strand breaks in HeLa cells in vitro. [21].
proteins:
T. cordifolia extract elevated GSH levels in rat hippocampal slices in vitro subjected to oxygen glucose deprivation[7], also root extract restored GSH content and catalase activity to normal levels in irradiated mice testis[31]
ethanolic extract of T. cordifolia treatment is found to be suppressing the expression of G1/S phase specific protein cyclin D1 and
anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL in C6 glioma cells[5]
hydroalcoholic (80%
ethanol: 20% distilled water) extract of aerial roots of Tinospora cordifolia (50 and 100 mg/kg body wt./day for 2
weeks) increased levels of acid-soluble sulfhydryl (–SH) and cytochrome P450 contents, and enzyme activities of cytochrome P450
reductase, cytochrome b5 reductase, GST, DTD, SOD, catalase, GSH peroxidase and GSH reductase in liver and extrahepatic organs of Swiss albino mice[9]
cytotoxic effect of stem extract of T. cordifolia in HeLa S3 cells in vitro was speculated to be due to inhibition of topoisomerase
II, increased LDH accompanied by a
decrease in GST activity[6]
Administration of aqua-alcoholic stem extract before irradiation
increased endogenous production of IL-1β and GM-CSF in
the serum of lethally irradiated mice[18]
aqua-alcoholic stem extract treatment retarded the radiation-induced adverse effects on
cytoskeleton components actin, tubulin in mice[18]
aqua-alcoholic stem extract treatment in mice is speculated to inhibit the C3 convertase resulting in decreased phagocytic activity[18]
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)Miers hydroalcoholic extract root extract increased GSH level in irradiated mice ovaries[22]
Pre-treatment with TCE provided noticeable recovery in radiation
induced elevation in SOD and catalase activity in plasma which provide
reasonable radioprotection to the organism and increase the tolerance
of animals through the detoxification of ROS. Pretreatment of TCE
did not significantly influence the endogenous GSH levels in blood,
but its mere presence protects the radiation induced endogenous
GSH depletion[23]
T. cordifolia is speculated to inhibit the action of topoisomerase II activity[21]
T. cordifolia increases the activity of hexokinase in the
liver, also active principles of
T. cordifolia enhance the IgG antibodies[24]
HeLa cells treated with extract showed an increase in lactate dehydrogenase and decrease in glutathione-
S-transferase activity[25]
root extract administered before irradiation significantly caused decline in glutathione concentration in mice testes[26]
Oral administration of extract caused reduction in radiation-induced elevation in glycogen, total proteins, acid phosphatase and increase radiation-induced decrease in alkaline phosphatase, GSH, catalase and SOD activities[27]
arabinogalactan polysaccharide isolated from Tinospora
cordifolia provided significant protection to protein against γ-ray induced damage[28]
Lipids:
arabinogalactan polysaccharide isolated from Tinospora
cordifolia provided significant protection against iron-mediated lipid peroxidation of rat brain homogenate.[28]
Oral administration of extract caused reduction in radiation-induced elevation in lipid peroxidation in mice liver[27]
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)Miers hydroalcoholic extract root extract decreased lipid peroxidation of membrane in irradiated mice ovaries[22]
The administration of ethanolic extract of T. cordifolia to liver cancer bearing rats reverted the LPO levels, and restored enzymic and nonenzymic antioxidants to
near normal[10]
Intraperitoeal administration of alcoholic extract of Tinospora cordifolia to tumor-bearing mice destabilized the membrane integrity of Dalton's lymphoma cells directly or indirectly[4]
hydroalcoholic (80%
ethanol: 20% distilled water) extract of aerial roots of Tinospora cordifolia (50 and 100 mg/kg body wt./day for 2
weeks) decreased chemicaaly induced lipid peroxidation in liver of Swiss albino mice[9]
ethanolic leaf extract exhibited lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity in vitro[11],root extract decreased radiation-induced lipi peroxidation in mice testis[31]
stem extract of T. cordifolia caused lipid peroxidation in HeLa S3 cells in vitro[6]
Aqueous extract inhibited ferrous sulphate
mediated lipid peroxidation in mice liver homogenate in a dose-dependent manner[29]
Treatment of HeLa cells with
various concentrations of extract caused a significant elevation
in the lipid peroxidation, which was approximately 3-fold
greater than 3 Gy irradiation at 4 hours postirradiation[25]
root extract administered before irradiation significantly ameliorated radiation
induced elevation in lipid peroxidation in mice testes[26]
sugars:
Aqueous extraxt inhibited radiation mediated 2-deoxyribose degradation[29]
|
| Mechanism: |
Direct and indirect antioxidant actions of T. cordifolia, free radical scavenging and metal chelation, immunomodulation, cell proliferation are the properties, suggested to act in corroboration
to manifest the overall radioprotective effects.[29]
Increased lipid peroxidation, LDH
release, induction of apoptosis
and interference with topoisomerase and a decline in GST concentration by dichloromethane extract of guduchi in
conjunction with radiation are some of the important events
leading to death of tumor cells[25]
The cytotoxic action of guduchi could be attributed to the presence
of alkaloids, diterpenoid lactones, glycosides, steroids,
sesquiterpenoids, phenolics, aliphatic compounds, or polysaccharides.[25]
The hepato-protective role of root extract is suggested to be due to the synergistic effects of various bioactive constituents that present in its root extract like polyphenols (3- glucosides, gallic acid, tannins), flanonoids (quercetin), alkaloids (berberine), and triterpenoids compounds, inflammatory flavonoid and glycoside derivatives.
Root extract exerts its radio- protective effect due to the ability to limit the initial damage, caused during irradiation by detoxifying radiation induced oxygen species, scavenging of free radicals and increased concentration of endogenous antioxidant system, free radical scavenging, elevation in
antioxidant status, and reduction in lipid peroxidation along with stimulation of cellular regeneration in the post- irradiation period (particularly hematopoietic regeneration, liver recovery, gastrointestinal system recovery) and up regulating the activity of early response genes.[27],[19]
arabinogalactan polysaccharide isolated from Tinospora
cordifolia is suggested to play a role in protecting cellular glutathione[28]
cordifolioside-A in stem extract of Tinospora cordifolia is reported to be palying role in radioprotective effect in mice in vivo[30]
Interaction with radicals:
arabinogalactan polysaccharide isolated from Tinospora
cordifolia offered protective action against DPPH radical, superoxide radicals and the hydroxyl radical.
hydroxy radical scavenging property was exhibited by leaf extract[12].
hydro methanolic Tinospora cordifolia stem extract showed effective free radical scavenging activity in vitro which can be attributed to the presence of alkaloid and phenolics along with other compounds[17]
free
radical scavenger against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species[7]
ethanolic(stronger activity) and methanolic bark extract
possessed free radical scavenging activity[13]
ethanolic, methanolic leaf extract and essential oil extracted from fresh leaves exhibited DPPH radical scavenging activity in vitro[11],[14],[15]
ethanol leaf extract exhibited mild scavenging activity in vitro[11]
Aqueous extract inhibits superoxide anion[29]
Immunomodulation:
T. cordifolia extracts were reported to exhibit immunomodulatory activity, possible mechanism being activation of macrophages
by T. cordifolia extracts to increase in GM-CSF which leads to leucocytosis and improved neutrophil function[16]
Administration of aqua-alcoholic stem extract before irradiation significantly
countered radiation induced decrease in antioxidants in blood plasma in mice by 8 hours[18]
aqua-alcoholic stem extract protected splenocytes
by stimulating their proliferation and by decreasing apoptosis
during cell repair from irradiation-induced damage[18]
increased IL-1β and GMCSF
levels after treatment with stem extract in mice is suggested to be responsible for radioprotective ability[18]
The
protective role of T. cordifolia extract is suggested to be due to the higher content
of secondary metabolites including anthraquinones, terpenoids,
and saponins which were present in many extracts
in addition to phenolics which have the ability to scavenge
free radical and enhance the DNA repair system or DNA
synthesis[28]
root extract tratemnt in mice not only prevented radiation- induced damage to
testicular injury but also speeded up the recovery process. Its radio- protective potential
is speculated to be by boosting up of inherent antioxidant system and free radical scavenging activity of its root constituents[31]
|
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