| Action of Extract: |
Action on cell cycle:
|
| Target: |
Nucleic Acid
N. sativa ethanolic seed extract inhibited radiation-induced DNA damage in mice in vivo and in vitro[1]
proteins:
treatment of gamma-irradiated rats with Thymoquinone decreased T cell
exhaustion and apoptosis by modulating the expression of Bcl-2, PD-1, Bax, and caspase-3.[2]
enzyme activity of Nitric oxide synthase in brain tissue of the rats treated with N. sativa oil or
thymoquinone were found to be lower[3]
N. sativa oil normalized levels of plasma glutathione peroxidase, catalase and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activities in irradiated rats[4]
ethanolic seed extract is suggested to prevent cellular radio-oxidative
damage which is the net result of either
prevention in their generation or their enhanced
detoxicification.[1]
Administration of N. sativa oil to the rats, followed by
WBI, resulted in significant increase in the mean plasma
values of total protein and globulin concentrations[4]
Administration of N. sativa oil restored levels of Paraoxonase, Arylesterase in liver of a irradiated rats[5],[6]
N. sativa oil prevented radiation-induced increase in Xanthine oxidase activity in rat lens[7]
N. sativa methanol seed extract restored radiation-induced altered levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase in rat intestine homogenate[8],in mice[9]
N. sativa oil decreased radiation-induced increase in nitric oxide synthase activity in rats[10]
Lipids:
N. sativa oil pre-treatment reduced lipid peroxidation in irradiated rat[4],[11],[2],[8],[1],[9], in lenses of rats[7]
thymoquinone restored the radiation-inducued increased levels of triglyceride, cholesterol,
LDL-C, MDA, TNF-a and IL-6 levels and decreased HDL-C levels in rats[2]
N. sativa fixed oil, and thymoquinone inhibited non-enzymatic peroxidation in ox brain phospholipid liposomes[12]
sugars:
|
| Mechanism: |
After receiveing 2 electrons from 2 superoxide anion radicals and 2 protons, thymoquinone is converted to THQ[13]
thymoquinone neutralizes nitric oxide indirectly[13]
N. sativa oil decreased radiation-induced nitric oxide
and peroxynitrite levels in irradited rat lens[10], and radiation-induced increased LOOH levels in rat[6]
N. sativa methanolic seed extract inhibited
the generation of DPPH radical, ABTS.+ radical, hydroxyl (OH.) and superoxide (O2•-) radical in a concentration dependent manner[14]
The
molecular mechanisms that may have played important role in
radioprotection by N. sativa methanolic seed extract include inhibition of radiation-induced
transactivation of NF-κB, suppression of radiation-induced elevation
in COX-II expression[15], inhibition of the radiation-induced decline in
GST mRNA and Nfr2/HO gene[16]. The radioprotective action of N. sativa methanolic seed extract may be mediated by
the presence of various phytochemicals including thymoquinone nigellidine,p-cymene (rho) , carvacrol, 4-terpineol, t-anethole (tau) and
the sesquiterpene longifolene[14],[8]
antioxidant properties and free radical
scavenging activities are suggested to attributed to radioprotective action[7],[14],[8],[9],[10]
Pre-administration of N. sativa oil to the irradiated rats, increased levels of ascorbic acid, retinol, β-carotene, GSH
and ceruloplamin (nonenzymatic antioxidant markers) and reduced levels of Malondialdehyde, nitrate, nitrite (oxidative
stress markers)[11]
Levels of NO. and ONOO- were lowered in irradiated rat brain tissue by N. sativa oil or
thymoquinone, which are suggested to have acted by inhibiting
free radical generation or scavenging ROS/RNS.[3]
essential oil and oleoresins of black cumin exhibited
antioxidant activity and scavenged DPPH radical in vitro[17]
thymoquinone, a natural main constituent of the volatile
oil of Nigella saliva seeds is shown be radioprotective by enhancing cellular immunity and reducing inflammatory conditions[2]
thymoquinone, a natural main constituent of the volatile
oil of Nigella saliva seeds has shown to have potent ability to scavenge superoxide anion radical[18]
thymoquinone and carvacrol, tanethole
and 4-terpineol from the volatile
oil of Nigella saliva seeds
demonstrated DPPH radical and .OH radical scavenging activity[19]
|
| REFERENCES |
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Guida MS et al, Thymoquinone rescues T Lymphocytes
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